Abstract
This contribution looks at the neoliberal responses to the challenges of protecting nature and limiting growth that various actors, including the ecological movement, have posed to capitalism since the early 1970s. It identifies three response processes involving actors and policies claiming to be neoliberal and defining specific relations with non-human nature – post-colonial nature appropriation, petro-culture and commodity-based nature protection with its bio-economic variant – showing that they deny or circumvent demand to limit the development of economic exchange and continue to degrade the biosphere. Ultimately, this assessment requires the ecological movement to redefine the forms and objectives of its struggle against the new neoliberal environmentalism.